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The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 | HISTORY | CLASS VIII | NOTES

  The Emergence of Nationalism The term “India” was first used to refer to all of its inhabitants, regardless of caste, class, religion, language, colour, or gender and the resources of the country were exclusively meant for its indigenous population. Conversely, the British colonial empire had its eyes on acquiring control of the vast treasure of resources and riches in India. Simultaneously, it took control of the lives of Indians. After 1850, a variety of political organisations were established, which contributed to recognising the several problems of the society under colonial rule. Among the most important political organisations during this period were The Indian Association, Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, Madras Mahajan Sabha, Indian National Congress, and the Bombay Presidency Association. Students will learn in-depth about these associations and the emergence of the national association in this chapter. All of these organisations were critical to the functioning of different mov...
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Law and Social Justice | Class VIII | Notes Civics

  Enforcement of the law is important to protect the rights of minorities from the majority. In order to ensure the abolition of child labor, the government has to regularly inspect the factories and punish those who violate the law. Many of these laws have their basis in the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. For instance, Right against Exploitation: According to this right, no one can be forced to work on low wages or under bondage No child below the age of 14 years shall be employed in shops, factories or mines. Consumer:  One who buys goods for personal use. Producer:  A person or an organisation that produces goods for sale in the market. Investment:  It refers to the money that is spent to purchase new machinery or buildings or training so as to be able to increase production in the times to come. Hazardous:  Condition that is full of dangers { WRITE THREE PAGES ON BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY }
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Public Facilities | Civics | Notes

  Public facilities:   They are associated with our basic needs such as water, electricity, public transport, etc. Universal access:  Universal access is achieved when everyone has physical access to a good condition or can also afford it. Sanitation:  Provision of facilities for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. Company:  A company is a form of business set up by people or by the government.
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Women Caste and Reform | Class VIII | Civics | Notes

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  Women write about Women: (i) Muslim women like  Begums of Bhopal  promoted education among women and founded a primary school for girls at Aligarh. (ii)  Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain   started schools for Muslim girls in Patna and Calcutta. (iii) Indian women began to enter universities by 1880s. Some of them trained to be doctors and teachers. (iv)  Tarabai Shinde  got education at home at Poona, published a book,  Stripurushtulna  (A Comparison between Women & Men), criticising the social differences between men & women. (v)  Pandita Ramabai  was a great scholar of Sanskrit, wrote a book about the miserable lives of upper-class Hindu women. She founded a widows’ home at Poona to provide shelter to widows who had been treated badly by their husbands’ relatives. (vi) Later, women were trained to support themselves economically. (vii) Orthodox Hindu & Muslim Nationalists were worried as women started adopting western c...
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Confronting Marginalisation | Class VIII | Notes | Civics

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The 1989 SCs and the STs Act  This law was enacted in response to Adivasi and Dalit demands that the government investigate major problems of exploitation and maltreatment faced by them in day-to-day life. The Dalit communities demanded specific laws against the violence they had been facing for decades. A similar movement for equal rights and the restitution of their resources, including their land, was made by organised Adivasi communities between 1970 and 1980. They had to put up with the rage and retaliation of other strong social groups in demanding these rights. The new act included the following: This act lists a number of different horrific crimes that the marginalised communities have been subjected to. These include coercing a member of the ST or SC community to consume harmful substances, forcing them to take off their clothing, or engaging in other activities that render them physically or morally humiliated. Additionally, the act includes sanctions or penalties for tho...
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